SB 


UC-NRLF 


225 


rnell 


. 


Bulletin  407 
1921 


Agric .  -  Foresti  >  .   Adam  Library 


AUGUST,  1921 


CORNELL  UNIVERSITY    ^^         . -^ 
AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STA 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER 


E.  H.  DUSHAM 


ITHACA,  NEW  YORK 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY 


*c 


CONSENTS 

Classification,  history,  and  synonymy sr-i,-J. 

Distribution .•*•* .'...-  ^*i^Pi8i 

Food  plants 'Z&'&H—-  •  -   l82 

Economic  importance  ...  -. .  ^j&r- 184 

Descriptions >"!* 186 

The  adult 186 

The  egg •  •    187 

The  larva 187 

The  pupa 188 

Life  history  and  habits 188 

The  adult 188 

Appearance  of  the  adults 188 

General  activities 188 

Feeding  habits 189 

Mating  habits 190 

Oviposition 190 

The  egg 191 

Time  of  hatching 191 

The  larva 192 

Activities  of  the  newly  hatched  larva 192 

Larval  burrows 192 

The  pupal  cell 193 

The  prepupal  stage 194 

The  pupa 194 

Pupation 194 

Activities  of  the  pupa 194 

Transformation  to  adults 195 

Seasonal  history 195 

Natural  enemies 195 

Recommendations  for  control  and  prevention  of  injury 196 

Bibliography 198 

173 


'96025 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER 

Cyllene  caryae  Gahan 

Order,  Coleoptera  Family,  Cerambycidae 

E.  H.  DUSHAM 

The  hickory  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  our  American  hardwoods, 
not  only  on  account  of  its  fruit,  but  especially  because  of  the  valuable 
qualities  of  its  wood.  "  Tough  as  hickory  "  is  not  only  a  familiar  expres- 
sion but  an  apt  phrase  as  well,  for  its  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  strong,  and 
exceedingly  tough.  It  is  on  account  of  these  qualities  that,  more  than 
any  other  wood,  hickory  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  such  commodities 
as  are  subject  to  excessive  strain.  Consequently,  more  than  one-half  of 
the  hickory  cut  today  is  tised  in  the  construction  of  vehicles  or  their  parts, 
and  at  least  one-third  is  made  into  handles  for  articles  in  which  strength 
and  toughness  are  the  main  considerations.  In  addition  to  these,  agri- 
cultural implements  consume  three  per  cent  of  the  entire  cut,  while  the 
remaining  five  per  cent  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  athletic  goods,  porch 
furniture,  and  various  other  commodities.  The  factory  uses  of  hickory  as 
given  by  Kellogg  (19 14)*,  may  be  summarized  in  percentage  as  follows: 

Vehicles 61 

Handles 31 

Agricultural  implements 3 

Sporting  and  athletic  goods i 

Other  uses 4 

• 

Like  most  other  trees,  the  hickory  is  subject  to  various  insect  injuries 
which  reduce  the  amount  of  timber  suitable  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
It  harbors  a  large  host  of  different  pests,  some  attacking  the  foliage, 
fruit,  and  wood  of  living  trees;  others  the  wood  of  recently  dead  and 
felled  trees,  sawlogs,  handles,  poles,  and  other  unseasoned  products  from 
which  the  bark  has  not  been  removed;  while  still  others  inflict  serious 
injury  on  the  sapwood,  even  after  seasoning,  causing  what  is  commonly 
known  as  the  "  powder  post  "  injury. 

Prominent  among  the  insects  of  the  second  category  is  the  painted 
hickory  borer,  Cyllene  caryae  Gahan. 

CLASSIFICATION,    HISTORY,    AND    SYNONYMY 

The  painted  hickory  borer  belongs  to  the  order  Coleoptera,  suborder 
Phytophaga,  family  Cerambycidae,  and  subfamily  Cerambycinae.  The 

1  Dates  in  parentheses  refer  to  Bibliography,  pages  198  to  203. 

175 


BULLETIN  407 


family 'Cerambycidae  includes  medium-  to  large-sized  beetles,  of  graceful 
form,  and,  in  most  cases,  with  very  long  antennae,  whence  the  common 
name  Longicorns,1  or  long-horned  beetles.  For  the  most  part  their  larvae 
are  wood  borers,  some  of  the  most  important  enemies  of  our  forest  and 
shade  trees  being  found  among  their  number. 

The  genus  Cyllene,  to  which  this  species  belongs,  together  with  several 
other  groups  now  ranking  as  distinct  genera,  was  formerly  included  in 
the  old  genus  Clytus.  Because  of  definite,  well-marked  characters, 
Newman  (1840)  described  it  as  a  distinct  genus  as  follows: 

Facies  Clyti:  caput  parvum,  fer&  pronum,  antennae  maris  corpore  longiores,  feminae 
valdS  breyiores,  ii-articulatae;  articulis  externis  manifestd  crassioribus,  3-6  apice 
spini  brevi  armatis:  prothorax  latus,  dorso  convexus,  lateribus  rotundatis  dente  postico 
armatis:  elytra  convexa,  apice  i-spinosa:  pedes  simplices. 

Cyll.  spinifera.  Fusca,  obscura,  lanuginosa:  prothorax  maculis  duabus  glabris  orna- 
tus:  antennarum  articuli  basi  cinerei:  elytra  fusca,  maculis  fasciisve  lanuginosis  cinereis 
ornata.  (Corp.  long.  .7  unc.  lat.  .225  unc.) 

Inhabits  South  America.  Specimens  taken  by  Mr.  Darwin  are  in  the  cabinet  of 
the  Entomological  Society.  I  find  no  description  of  this  insect  in  Serville's  "  Nouvelle 
Classification",  but  it  is  by  no  means  uncommon  in  collections:  it  bears  as  close  a 
resemblance  to  Clytus,  as  Phacodes  to  Callidium. 

This  genus  includes  about  thirty-five  species,  all  of  them  inhabitants 
of  the  new  world.  Their  distribution  is  shown  in  table  i. 

TABLE  i.    THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  CYLLENE 


Place 

Num- 
ber of 
species 

Place 

Num- 
ber of 
species 

Place 

Num- 
ber of 
species 

Brazil 

17 

Argentina      .... 

-t 

Patagonia  

i 

Mexico                    .  . 

K 

United  States.  .  . 

ii 

Bolivia  

i 

Chile                      * 

2 

Venezuela 

-i 

Nicaragua 

i 

Costa  Rica 

I 

Honduras 

i 

Panama  . 

2 

Hawaiian  Islands 

I 

Cuba  

i 

Guatemala.  .  .  . 

I 

Paraguay 

2 

Canada  

2 

Much  confusion  has  existed  regarding  the  identity  of  the  species  in 
question.  The  earliest  writers  confounded  it  with  the  locust  borer 
(Cyllene  robiniae  Forster),  it  being  then  the  common  supposition  that  the 
latter  species  had  two  broods  annually,  the  first  emerging  in  spring  and 
attacking  the  hickory,  and  the  second  emerging  in  late  summer  and 
attacking  the  locust.  Not  only  were  the  insects  confused,  but,  until 
quite  recently,  the  hickory  species  itself  was  incorrectly  named,  being 
known  as  Cyllene  pictus  Drury,  a  synonym  of  Cyllene  robiniae  Forster. 
Consequently  Gaylord  (1843),  Harris  (1862),  and  other  writers  mentioned 
this  species  as  being  found  on  goldenrod  in  late  summer,  and  attacking 
the  locust,  while  Fitch  (1859)  and  Rath  von  (1860)  stated  that  the  locust 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER  177 

borer  (Clytus  robiniae)  was  a  common  borer  in  the  trunks  and  limbs  of 
black  walnut,  and  was  also  quite  destructive  to  hickory  hop  poles  and 
firewood. 

Kirkpatrick  (1856)  seems  to  have  been  the  first  to  realize  that  the 
locust  and  hickory  borers  were  two  distinct  species.  He  stated  that  two 
species  of  Clytus  were  found  in  Ohio,  one  the  locust  borer  and  the  other 
the  hickory  borer.  Furthermore,  he  said  that  Cyltus  pictus  was  found 
only  in  hickory  wood,  where  it  generally  bored  parallel  with  the  grain, 
causing  powder  post.  He  gave  brief  data  concerning  the  time  of  pupation 
and  the  emergence  of  the  adult.  However,  he  says  that  he  never  found 
the  adult  depositing  eggs  in  wood  cut  more  than  a  year,  even  when  it 
had  no  other  wood  in  which  to  deposit  the  eggs. 

Horn  (1863),  referring  to  the  hickory  borer  under  the  name  Arhopalus 
pictus  Drury,  described  the  character  of  the  larval  galleries  in  hickory 
wood. 

The  next  reference  to  the  hickory  borer  was  made  by  Walsh  (1864). 
Discussing  the  spread  of  the  locust  borer  westward,  he  mentioned  that  as 
much  as  six  years  previous  to  the  arrival  of  that  insect  he  had  split  an 
adult  male  Clytus  pictus  out  of  a  stick  of  hickory  in  Rock  Island,  Illinois, 
and  that  in  the  course  of  the  next  two  or  three  years,  he  had  found  two 
more  specimens  in  the  same  neighborhood.  He  believed  this  was  proof 
that  the  locust  and  hickory  species  were  distinct,  for  the  hickory  species 
had  evidently  been  in  existence  in  Illinois  all  the  time,  but  had  fed  on 
hickory  and  walnut  quite  unnoticed  until  the  arrival  of  the  locust  borer. 
He  also  added  that  Professor  Sheldon,  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  had  told  him 
that  for  many  years  back  he  had  repeatedly  discovered  Clytus  pictus  in 
hickory  wood,  and  that,  so  far  as  he  was  aware,  the  locusts  of  Davenport 
had  not  been  attacked  by  this  insect. 

Later,  Walsh  (1864)  definitely  showed,  by  anatomical  characters,  that 
the  locust  and  the  hickory  species  were  distinct.  In  studying  the  adults 
of  both  species,  he  found  that  there  were  quite  remarkable  differences 
in  the  males,  but  none  in  the  females.  These  differences  in  the  males 
he  tabulated  as  follows: 

Hickory  feeding  "b  Locust  feeding  "b 

1.  Antennae,    when    relaxed    and    laid  i.  Antennae,    when    relaxed    and    laid 
close  and  straight  along  the  back,  reaching  close  and  straight  along  the  back  even  in 
beyond  the  tip  of  the  elytra  by  the  whole  the  specimen  which  has  the  longest  ones, 
length  of  the  terminal  joint  (n).  not  attaining  the  tip  of  the  elytra  by  a 

space  equal  in  length  to  the  two  terminal 
joints  (10  and  n). 

2.  Antennae   from    %    more    robust    to          2.  Antennae  much  less  robust,   except 
twice  as  robust,    especially  towards  the      the  few  last  joints,  and  less  tapered  from 
base.  base  to  tip. 


178  BULLETIN  407 

Hickory  feeding  'b  Locust  feeding  'b 

3.  Terminal  or  nth  joint  of  antennae  3.  Terminal  or  nth  joint  of  antennae 
full  ?  longer  than  the  penultimate,  and  scarcely  |  or  \  longer  than  the  penultimate, 
composed  of  two  portions  connected  by  the    division    into    two    portions    barely 
an  indistinct  connate  suture  foreshadowing  discoverable,    and    the    terminal    portion 
a  1 2th  joint,  (as  in  Purpuricenus  tf  and  not  suddenly  slenderer  from  base  to  tip. 
in    Tragidion   annulatum^    Lee.,)    which 

suture  is  more  distinct  on  the  inferior 
surface.  The  basal  portion  of  the  nth 
joint  as  long  as  joint  10,  the  terminal 
portion,  which  is  suddenly  slenderer  from 
base  to  tip,  more  than  £  as  long  as  joint  10. 

4.  Elytra  widened  at  base  and  tapered  4.  Elytra  much  less  tapered  and  shaped 
towards  their  tip,  so  that  the  two  together  exactly  as  in  the  9  of  both  the  two  races, 
just  before  the  extreme  tip  equal  the  basal  i.e.,  with  the  lateral  edges  subparallel. 
width  of  one  of  them. 

5.  The  2nd  or  W-shaped  band  on  the          5.  The  W-shaped  band  on  the  elytra 
elytra  in  two  of  the  Philadelphia  specimens      colored    yellow,    exactly    like    the    other 
and  the  Illinois  specimen  whitish,  in  the      bands,  in  all  my  15  specimens. 

other     Philadelphia     specimen     centrally 

whitish,  but  decidedly  varied  with  yellow  . :  > 

on  the  two  exterior  arms  of  the  W. 

6.  Legs  proportionally  %-%  longer  and          6.  Legs    proportionally    no    longer    or 
stouter  than  in    9  .  stouter  than  in    9  . 

The  9  antennae  are  exactly  alike,  being  in  both  races  a  little  more  than  £  as  long 
as  the  body,  with  the  terminal  joint  equal  in  length  to  the  penultimate  or  perhaps 
very  slightly  longer,  and  no  perceptible  difference  in  the  robustness  of  the  whole  antenna. 
The  general  appearance  of  the  two  9  9  and  of  the  cf  of  the  locust-feeding  race  is 
very  similar,  but,  owing  to  the  shape  of  the  elytra,  the  cf  of  the  hickory-feeding  race 
has  a  different  and  Leptura-like  habit.  So  closely  indeed  does  the  cf  of  the  locust- 
feeding  race  resemble  the  9  of  both  races  that  until  a  recent  period  I  had  always  sup- 
posed that  all  my  specimens  of  that  race  —  some  30  or  40  in  number —  were  9  9 ,  and 
that  the  unique  cf  which  I  possessed  of  the  hickory-feeding  race,  was  the  normal  cf  of 
the  species.  In  all  the  9  9  of  both  races  the  W-shaped  band  on  the  elytra  is  as 
yellow  as  the  other  bands.  Whether  there  is  any  distinction  in  the  larva  state  is 
unknown,  as  the  larva  of  the  locust-feeding  form  has  never  yet  been  critically 
examined.  *  * 

*  *  *  It  is  a  doubtful  and  disputed  question  in  Entomological  Archaeology,  whether 
Drury's  name  pictus  or  Forster's  name  robiniae  has  the  priority,  as  Drury  was  the 
first  to  describe  the  insect,  and  Forster  the  first  to  name  it.  We  may  therefore, 
with  even-handed  justice,  appropriate  the  name  robiniae  to  the  locust-feeding  race 
with  short  and  slender  cf  antennae  and  leg,  which  appears  in  September,  and  the 
name  of  pictus  to  the  hickory-feeding  race  with  long  and  robust  cf  antennae  and  legs, 
which  appears  in  May  and  June. 

Both  Forster's  and  Drury's  descriptions,  however,  show  that  the  species 
they  refer  to  are  identical,  and  are  the  ones  which  inhabit  the  locust.  The 
names  Cyllene  robiniae  and  Cyllene  pictus  are,  therefore,  synonymous, 
and  Walsh's  application  of  this  name  to  the  hickory  species  was  accordingly 
unjustified. 

Riley  (1876)  gave  a  brief  description  of  the  larva  and  imago  of  the 
hickory  borer,  together  with  a  few  notes  on  its  life  history,  and  men- 
tioned the  characteristics  distinguishing  it  from  Cyllene  robiniae. 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER  179 

Horn  (1880)  differentiated  the  hickory-boring  species  from  the  locust- 
boring  species  as  follows: 

C.  pictus  Drury 

The  prosternum  is  longer  than  wide,  truncate  at  tip  and  not  prolonged.  The  second 
joint  of  hind  tarsus  glabrous  at  middle.  The  elytra  are  obliquely  truncate  at  tip  but 
not  prolonged.  The  antennae  of  the  male  are  always  longer  than  the  body  resembling 
in  this  respect  antennatus. 

Lives  in  Hickory  wood  and  appears  early  in  Spring,  and  is  abundant  wherever  that 
tree  occurs  and  is  often  very  destructive. 

C.  robiniae  Forst. 

Closely  resembles  pictus  in  form  and  coloration  but  differs  in  the  antennal  characters 
of  the  male  and  the  structure  of  the  hind  tarsi.  The  prosternum  is  as  broad  as  long 
being  wider  than  in  pictus  and  also  truncate  at  tip.  The  legs  are  also  shorter  than  in 
that  species,  the  hind  thighs  not  reaching  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  in  the  male. 

Infests  Locust  wood  (Robinia  pseud-acacia),  and  appears  in  the  Autumn.  I  have 
seen  a  variety  of  this  species  with  the  W-shaped  band  entirely  obliterated. 

Moffat  (1882)  in  speaking  of  the  confusion  that  existed  in  literature 
between  the  hickory  and  locust  borers,  differentiated  the  two  species  as 
follows : 

In  pictus  the  body  is  uniformly  more  slender  and  tapers  more  behind  than  robinia. 
In  pictus  the  antennae  is  [sic]  decidedly  longer,  that  of  the  females  reaching  to  the 
end  of  the  body,  and  that  of  the  males  beyond.  The  third  or  W-band  on  the  wing 
covers  is  noticeably  more  delicate  than  in  robinia,  and  quite  white  in  contrast  to  the 
yellow  of  the  other's  markings,  a  characteristic  I  have  never  seen  in  any  robinia  I  ever 
met  with  (and  I  see  them  here  in  hundreds  every  fall  feeding  on  the  Goldenrod),  and 
one  which  would  of  itself  make  it  quite  easy  to  pick  out  my  pictus,  male  or  female, 
from  amongst  any  quantity  of  robinia  they  might  be  mixed  with. 

That  same  year,  Horn  (1882),  fearing  that  there  might  be  some  difficulty 
in  properly  distinguishing  the  species  by  the  characters  mentioned  by 
Moffat  (1882),  again  referred  to  the  more  definite  characters  for  disting- 
uishing the  two  species  as  given  by  him  in  1880,  and  added,  as  another 
distinguishing  character,  that  in  pictus  the  W-shaped  band  rarely  joins 
the  transverse  band,  while  in  robiniae  this  band  nearly  always  joins  the 
transverse  band  at  the  suture. 

Riley  and  Howard  (1892)  mentioned  specimens  of  the  hickory  borer 
having  been  sent  to  them  with  the  complaint  that  they  were  abundant  in 
dwelling  houses.  The  insects  had  emerged  from  hickory  wood  that  was 
used  for  fuel. 

Bruner  (1893)  stated  that  hickories  in  Nebraska  were  subject  to  attack 
by  this  beetle.  He  gave  a  brief  description  of  the  adult,  also  mentioning 
the  time  of  its  emergence,  and  suggested  control  measures. 

Hopkins  (1895)  mentioned  finding  a  hickory  log  containing  a  great 
number  of  the  larvae  and  pupae  of  the  hickory  borer,  and  having  numerous 
holes  in  the  bark,  indicative  of  the  emergence  of  the  adults.  However, 
no  adults  were  found  in  the  wood  altho  larvae  and  pupae  were  abundant. 

Webster  and  Mally  (1897)  reported  the  receipt  of  a  section  of  an  osage- 


180  BULLETIN  407 

orange  post,  one  and  one-half  feet  long  and  four  inches  in  diameter,  together 
with  a  complaint  that  a  worm  was  destroying  many  fence  posts  of  this 
kind  of  timber.  The  insect  causing  the  damage  was  the  hickory  borer, 
and,  in  all,  twenty-seven  adults  emerged  from  this  one  piece  of  wood. 

Hopkins  (1898),  referring  to  the  developing  of  broods  for  three  years 
in  succession  in  hickory  by  the  Cerambycidae,  mentioned  the  hickory 
borer  as  one  of  them.  He  supposed  that  the  late  arrivals  were  the  result 
of  retarded  development,  but  an  examination  of  the  wood  showed  that 
new  wood  was  being  continually  infested. 

Webster  and  Mally  (1898)  discussed  this  insect  at  length.  They 
described  the  adult,  and  gave  brief  notes  on  the  life  history.  They  talked 
of  the  destructive  work  of  the  insect  on  osage-orange  fence  posts  and 
offered  suggestions  for  the  prevention  of  injury. 

The  next  discussion  of  this  species  was  furnished  by  Felt  (1905)  who 
reviewed  the  history  of  the  insect  up  to  that  time,  gave  notes  on  the  life 
history,  described  the  adult  and  larva,  and  listed  the  natural  enemies 
attacking  it. 

Until  1908  the  insect  had  been  called  Clytus  or  Cyllene  pictus,  which, 
as  has  already  been  stated,  was  a  synonym  of  Cyllene  robiniae.  Realizing 
this  mistake,  Gahan  (1908  a)  described  the  hickory  borer  as  a  new  species, 
giving  it  the  name  of  Cyllene  caryae.  He  further  stated  that  it  could  be 
distinguished  from  Cyllene  robiniae  as  follows: 

From  C.  robiniae,  Forst.,  which  they  greatly  resemble  in  markings,  C.  caryae  and 
its  varieties  may  be  distinguished  by  the  thicker,  longer,  and  usually  darker-coloured 
antennae,  by  the  two  widely  separated  yellowish  or  whitish  spots  on  each  of  the  meta- 
thoracic  episterna,  the  limitation  of  the  sexual  puncturation  of  the  male  pronotum  to 
the  anterior  part,  and  in  having  the  intercoxal  process  of  the  prosternum  nearly  parallel- 
sided. 

In  C.  robiniae  the  antennae  are  generally  reddish  brown  in  colour,  somewhat  slender, 
as  a  rule  distinctly  shorter  (never  longer)  than  the  body  in  the  male;  the  yellow  pubes- 
cence forms  an  almost  continuous  band  on  each  of  the  metathoracic  episterna,  when 
it  is  broken  up  into  two  spots  the  interval  between  the  spots  is  always  narrow;  the 
intercoxal  process  of  the  prosternum  widens  out  posteriorly,  its  sides  being  curved 
instead  of  almost  parallel.  The  sexual  puncturation  of  the  pronotum  of  the  male  is 
much  more  extensive  than  in  C.  caryae ;  it  covers  the  greater  part  of  each  side,  forms  an 
anterior  transverse  band,  and  two  bands  running  backwards  on  the  disk,  diverging  a 
little  behind  and  dilating  each  into  an  oval  or  rounded  spot  between  the  middle  and 
the  base;  it  is  similar  in  character  to  that  occurring  in  the  North- American  species 
C.  decora,  Oliv.,  and  the  Brazilian  C.  mellyi,  Chevr. 

Daecke  (1910)  mentioned  a  character  which  would  help  to  distinguish 
the  two  species  at  a  glance.  He  stated  that  he  was  not  aware  that  the 
upper  side  of  the  abdomen  of  beetles  had  been  used  as  a  means  of  differ- 
entiating closely  allied  species,  and  accordingly  exhibited  two  specimens 
of  Cyllene  pictus  and  Cyllene  robiniae  with  the  wings  spread.  The  upper 
side  of  the  abdomen  of  pictus  showed  reddish,  with  the  anal  segment 
black,  while  that  of  robiniae  was  all  black.  Both  species  had  two  rows 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER  181 

of  golden  yellow  lunules  along  the  abdomen,  caused  by  yellow  pile;  but 
the  anal  segment  of  pictus  showed  one  median,  dorsal,  narrow  and  oblong 
spot  of  gold,  while  the  corresponding  spot  in  robiniae  was  obtusely  tri- 
angular. 

Another  somewhat  extensive  discussion  of  this  insect  was  set  forth  by 
Webb  (1911).  A  list  of  the  trees  attacked  was  given  and  also,  the  range 
of  the  insect.  Brief  notes  were  furnished  concerning  the  life  history  of 
the  species  and  recommendations  were  made  for  preventing  the  injury 
which  it  causes. 

The  synonymy  of  this  species  is  as  follows: 

Arhopalus  pictus  Drury 

1863  Horn,  G.  H.     Proc.  Erit.  Soc.  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  p.  30. 

Clytus  pictus  Drury 

1864  Walsh,  B.  D.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia,  vol.  3,  p.  420-422. 

1882  Moffat,  J.  A.     Can.  ent.,  vol.  14,  p.  200. 

1883  Packard,  A.  S.     Guide  to  the  study  of  insects,  p.  497. 

Cyllene  pictits  Horn  (nee.  Drury) 

1880  Horn,  G.  H.     Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc.,  vol.  8,  p.  135-136. 
1882  Horn,  G.  H.     Can.  ent.,  vol.  14,  p.  240. 
1887  Leng,  C.  B.     Entomologica  Americana,  vol.  2,  p.  196. 
1897  Wickham,  H.  F.     Can.  ent.,  vol.  29,  p.  149. 

Cyllene  picta   Drury 

1884  Harrington,  W.  H.     Rept.  Ent.  Soc.  Ontario,  1883,  p.  46. 

DISTRIBUTION 

The  distribution  of  the  hickory  borer  is  in  all  pfobability  coextensive 
with  that  of  its  food  plants,  the  hickories.  Kirkpatrick  (1856)  recorded 
it  from  northern  Ohio  as  breeding  in  hickory.  Walsh  (1864)  stated  that 
about  six  years  previously  he  had  split  this  insect  from  hickory  at  Rock 
Island,  Illinois,  while  Professor  Sheldon,  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  informed 
him  that  he  had  found  it  in  hickory  at  that  place  for  many  years  back. 
Walsh  (1866)  reported  the  insect  rare  in  Illinois,  having  taken  only  three 
specimens  during  a  seven-years  collection.  He  stated,  however,  that  it 
was  common  near  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  in  walnut  and  hickory. 
Larvae  of  this  species  were  sent  to  Walsh  from  Kansas  in  1867,  for  identi- 
fication. Rogers  (1880)  reported  that  it  was  one  of  the  common  species 
in  Ontario.  Smith  (1890)  reported  the  insect  as  being  generally  dis 
tributed,  tho  rare  in  New  Jersey.  In  1892,  C.  C.  Black  sent  several 
specimens  from  Connecticut  to  Riley,  stating  that  they  had  emerged  from 
hickory  firewood.  Bruner  (1893)  mentioned  it  as  being  very  destructive 


182  BULLETIN  407 

in  Nebraska.  The  same  year,  Hopkins  (1893)  reported  it  from  West 
Virginia,  where  it  was  boring  in  mulberry  and  hickory.  Johnson  (1898) 
mentioned  its  time  of  appearance  at  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  while 
Dr.  Hamilton  reared  it  in  the  southwestern  part  of  that  state.  Webster 
and  Mally  (1897)  recorded  it  as  being  injurious  to  fence  posts  in  Ohio. 
That  same  year,  Lintner  (1897)  received  specimens  from  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  where  they  had  emerged  from  firewood.  Wickham  (1897)  listed 
it  from  Ontario  and  Quebec.  Lugger  (1899)  recorded  it  among  the  beetles 
injurious  to  fruit-producing  plants  in  Minnesota.  Smith  (1900)  stated 
that  it  was  found  thruout  the  state  of  New  Jersey.  Moffat  (1902) 
received  specimens  of  this  insect  from  London,  Ontario.  Felt  (1905) 
reported  it  as  common  in  New  York  State  where,  it  was  found  frequently 
on  hickory.  Gahan  (1908  a)  recorded  a  variety  of  this  species  from  Texas, 
and  another  variety  from  Villa  Lerdo,  Durango,  Mexico.  Douglass 
(1912)  stated  that  it  was  not  a  very  common  species  in  Indiana.  Webb 
(1911)  believed  that  its  range  was  coextensive  with  that  of  the  hickory. 
The  writer  has  taken  this  insect  at  State  College,  Pennsylvania,  at  Welland, 
Ontario,  and  at  Ithaca,  New  York.  In  all  three  localities,  it  was  abundant 
during  May  and  June. 

According  to  the  above  data  the  insect  has  been  reported  from  Ontario, 
Quebec,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Ohio,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  West 
Virginia,  Minnesota,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Indiana,  Texas, 
and  Durango,  Mexico. 

FOOD   PLANTS 

The  hickory  borer  is  injurious  mainly  to  the  hickories,  especially  the 
shagbark  variety  (Carya  ovata  [Mill]  K.  Koch).  In  1862,  T.  B.  Ashton 
bred  it  from  black  walnut  (Juglans  niger  L.)  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he 
said  the  larvae  were  not  uncommonly  found  in  that  tree.  Riley  (1880) 
stated  that  it  also .  attacked  pecan  (Carya  illinoensis  [Wang]  K.  Koch) 
and  butternut  (Juglans  cinerea  L.).  Hopkins  (1893)  recorded  it  as 
attacking  the  dead  branches  and  small  trees  of  mulberry  (Morns  sp.) 
in  West  Virginia.  Beutenmuller  (1896)  added  honey  locust  (Gleditsia 
triacantkos  L.)  to  its  list  of  food  plants.  LWebster_and  Mally  (1897) 
said  that  it  had  developed  a  fondness  for  osage  orange  (Madura  pomifera 
[Raf.]  Schneider)  hardly  second  to  its  partiality  for  hickory.  Moffat 
(1902)  received  from  A.  Morde,  London,  Ontario,  specimens  of  the  insect 
which  had  been  reared  on  a  stick  of  bitternut  hickory  (Carya  cordiformis 
[Wang]  K.  Koch).  Fisher  and  Kirk  (1912)  stated  that  they  had  reared  this 
insect  from  wild  grape  (Vitis  sp.).  Blatchley  (1910)  said  that  it  occurred 
on  the  elm  (Ulmus  sp.)  and  that  the  larvae  bored  in  the  wood  of  that 
tree.  In  July,  1917,  Henry  Dietrich,  of  Ithaca,  New  York,  reported 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER 


< 


183 

PLATE  I 


THE   PAINTED  HICKORY   BORER 


i,  Male  and  female.     2,  Eggs  (slightly  enlarged).     3,  Eggs  (much  enlarged).     4, 
Larva  (natural  size).     5,  Work  of  larva  in  hickory. 


1 84  BULLETIN  407 

finding  a  female  with  her  ovipositor  inserted  in  a  branch  of  black  birch 
(Betula  lenta  L.).  The  same  year  J.  N.  Knull,  of  Harrisburg,  reported 
that  he  had  bred  the  insect  on  hackberry  (Celtis  sp.).  At  State  College, 
Pennsylvania,  the  writer  has  observed  this  insect  running  over  the  trunks 
of  dead  pitch  pines  (Pinus  rigida  Mill),  and  has  seen  the  females  inserting 
their  ovipositors  into  crevices  in  the  bark.  An  examination  of  such 
places,  however,  failed  to  show  that  any  eggs  had  been  deposited.  The 
writer  has  taken  this  insect  in  shagbark  hickory,  osage  orange,  and  honey 
locust.  Attempts  were  made  to  rear  it  in  elm,  but  the  females  would  not 
oviposit  in  it,  even  tho  no  other  material  was  supplied. 

In  brief,  then,  the  hickory  borer  has  been  reported  as  breeding  in  the 
following  kinds  of  wood:  shagbark  hickory,  black  walnut,  pecan,  butternut, 
mulberry,  honey  locust,  osage  orange,  bitternut  hickory,  elm,  wild 
grape,  and  hackberry. 

ECONOMIC    IMPORTANCE 

The  hickory  borer  is  capable  of  causing  considerable  damage.  While 
it  is  never  present  in  very  great  numbers,  and  does  not  attack  healthy 
trees,  its  work  on  recently  killed,  standing  trees  and  on  felled  timber,  as 
well  as  on  unseasoned  products  from  which  the  bark  has  not  been  removed, 
makes  it  of  considerable  economic  importance  on  account  of  the  value 
of  the  wood  destroyed. 

It  attacks  recently  killed,  standing  timber  and  felled  material  from 
which  the  bark  has  not  been  removed.  However,  the  writer  has  never 
found  it  boring  in  such  material  after  it  had  been  dead  for  more  than  one 
year,  altho  repeated  attempts  were  made  to  have  females  oviposit  in 
such  material.  It  enters  not  only  the  trunks  of  recently  dead  and  felled 
material  but  also  the  branches,  even  those  as  small  as  one  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter.  In  fact,  it  seems  to  prefer  the  smaller  trees  and 
branches  to  the  large  trunks,  for  the  galleries  are  always  more  numerous 
in  such  material.  In  all  cases  the  most  severe  injury  is  due  to  the  pupal 
cells  which  penetrate  the  larger  trunks  and  branches  to  a  depth  of  from 
one  to  two  inches,  while  in  smaller  branches  they  extend  to  the  heart- 
wood.  • 

Hickory  is  particularly  injured  by  this  borer,  for  the  sapwood,  which 
until  recently  has  been  considered  the  only  part  of  the  tree  suitable  for 
the  manufacture  of  vehicles,  agricultural  implements,  and  various  other 
commodities,  is  so  riddled  by  the  larval  galleries  that  the  manufacturer's 
profit  is  considerably  reduced,  resulting  in  a  higher  price  for  the  finished 
product.  Years  ago,  when  the  hop  industry  consumed  large  numbers  of 
hickory  poles,  the  wood  for  this  purpose  was  often  seriously  damaged, 
especially  if  it  was  left  standing  in  the  woods  during  the  danger  season. 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER 


185 


BULLETIN  407 


PLATE  II 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER 


6,  Larva  (enlarged).  7,  Holes  to  exterior  made  by  larva  before  pupation.  8,  Pupa 
(natural  size).  9,  Pupae  (enlarged).  10,  Pupa  in  pupal  cell.  u,  Pupal  cells  showing 
plugs  of  splinters  and  sawdust. 


1 86  BULLETIN  407 

But  now  that  elm  has  supplanted  hickory  for  this  purpose,  the  economic 
loss  has  been  considerably  reduced.  Material  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  porch  furniture  is  frequently  so  injured  by  these  larvae  that  it  is  very 
easily  broken. 

The  damage  inflicted  by  the.  hickory  borer  on  black  walnut,  a  wood 
used  to  a  considerable  extent  at  the  present  time  in  the  manufacture  of 
furniture,  and  especially,  of  gun-stocks,  is  bound  to  result  in  an  increase 
in  the  cost  of  this  material. 

The  effect  of  the  insect's  work  on  osage  orange  is  almost  as  injurious  as 
on  hickory.  This  wood  possesses  much  natural  durability,  and  posts 
and  poles  made  of  it  remain  sound  for  many  years,  even  under  conditions 
favorable  to  decay.  This  natural  durability  is  greatly  decreased  by  the 
hickory  borer's  work.  Fence  posts  of  this  wood,  lying  in  piles,  are  often 
actually  so  honeycombed  that  they  are  fit  only  for  firewood. 

Invariably,  severe  damage  results  when  the  cut  material  is  left  in  the 
woods  during  the  danger  period.  Not  only  do  the  burrows  in  the  wood 
decrease  its  value,  but  they  also  afford  a  means  of  access  to  fungus 
diseases  and  moisture,  which  soon  render  the  wood  useless  except  for 
firewood,  and  its  value  for  even  this  purpose  is  much  reduced. 

DESCRIPTIONS 

The  adult 
Gahan  (1908  a)  described  the  adult  insect  as  follows: 

Dark  brown  above,  marked  with  pale  yellow  or  yellowish- white  pubescent  bands  — 
two  on  the  head,  four  on  the  pro  thorax,  and  seven  on  the  elytra;  the  first  thoracic  band 
placed  at  the  anterior  border  and  very  narrow;  the  first  and  second  elytral  bands  almost 
directly  transverse,  the  third  W-shaped,  the  fourth  and  fifth  angulated  and  interrupted, 
the  sixth  consisting  of  a  rather  strongly  arcuated  band  on  each  elytron,  the  seventh 
forming  a  border  to  the  apex;  body  beneath  banded  with  yellowish  pubescence;  meta- 
thoracic  episterna  marked  each  with  two  yellow  spots,  the  interval  between  which  is 
of  a  dark  brown  colour  and  as  wide  as  or  wider  than  either  of  the  spots;  legs  reddish; 
antennae  dark  brown,  sometimes  more  or  less  reddish  in  parts. 

d*  Antennae  rather  thick,  extending  past  the  apex  of  the  elytra;  third  to  sixth  joints 
subdentate  posteriorly  at  the  apex;  pronotum  with  a  small  punctate  area  on  each  side 
rather  close  to  the  anterior  border;  sides  of  pro  thorax  very  finely  and  densely  punctate. 

9  Antennae  extending  to  the  middle  of  the  elytra,  not  quite  so  thick  as  in  the  male. 
Length  10-22,  breadth  3-7  mm. 

The  females  are  easily  differentiated  from  the  males  by  the  shorter  legs 
and  antennae,  and  more  robust,  compactly  built  body. 

Gahan  recorded  two  varieties  of  this  species:  one  from  Texas,  with 
pubescent  bands  an  ashy  white  instead  of  yellow,  and  with  the  pronotum 
of  the  male  marked  anteriorly  with  a  small  punctate  area  on  each  side 
of  the  mid-line  in  addition  to  the  lateral  punctate  area;  and  the  other 
from  Villa  Lerdo,  Durango,  Mexico,  with  the  pubescent  bands  ashy 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER  187 

white  or  pale  yellow,  and  the  pronotum  of  the  male  marked  anteriorly 
with  a  median  sub-rotundate  area,  which  is  joined,  by  means  of  a  trans- 
verse punctate  band,  with  each  of  the  punctate  areas. 

The  egg 

The  egg  is  elongate-oval  in  shape,  milky  white  in  color,  and  measures 
2  millimeters  in  length  by  .85  millimeters  at  its  broadest  point.  The 
chorion  is  very  delicate  and  smooth,  lacking  ridges  or  other  characteristic 
markings.  There  is  a  considerable  difference  in  the  curvatures  of  the 
dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces,  the  ventral  surface  being  noticeably  more 
convex.  However,  the  shape  may  vary  considerably,  since  the  chorion 
permits  them  to  be  easily  modified  to  fit  the  crevices  in  which  they  are 
deposited. 

The  larva 

Packard  (r88i)  described  the  larva  as  follows: 

Body  thick;  mouth-parts  black;  head  reddish  behind  the  antennae.  Prothoracic 
segment  (first  behind  the  head)  large  and  broad,  being  one-half  as  long  as  broad;  flat 
and  broad  above,  the  upper  surface  being  lower  than  that  of  the  succeeding  segment; 
the  anterior  edge  thickened,  being  slightly  corneous;  a  mesial  deeply  impressed  line, 
especially  on  the  hinder  two-thirds,  where  it  becomes  a  broad,  deep  angular  furrow, 
dividing  the  tergum  into  two  quadrant-shaped  halves;  the  outer  edge  of  the  segment 
rises  above  the  flattened  tergal  portion,  which  is  sparsely  covered  with  hairs;  the  latter 
thicker  along  the  sides  of  the  body.  The  body  contracts  in  width  behind  the  4th 
abdominal  segment;  the  upper  side  of  each  of  the  first  six  abdominal  segments  (corre- 
sponding to  those  segments  in  the  beetle)  is  raised  into  blister-like  swellings,  especially 
on  the  5th  and  6th  segments,  which  are  much  narrower  than  the  four  preceding  segments. 
These  dorsal  swellings  are  smooth  and  free  from  fine  hairs.  Abdominal  segments  7-9 
convex  above,  not  swollen,  and  the  abdomen  is  narrowest  between  the  5th  and  6th 
segments.  A  pair  of  large  spiracles  on  the  mesothoracic  segment,  and  a  pair  on  each 
of  the  first  eight  abdominal  segments. 

Antennae  3- jointed;  the  two  basal  joints  being  of  the  same  length;  the  basal  one 
being  one- third  stouter  than  the  2nd;  the  third  joint  filiform,  and  one-half  as  long  as 
the  2nd  joint,  and  ending  in  two  or  three  hairs.  The  thin  membranous  labrum  is 
divided  into  two  parts,  the  basal  solid,  the  terminal  portion  forming  a  moveable  flap, 
overlapping  and  reaching  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  mandibles  when  closed;  the  basal 
portion  is  shorter  than  broad,  being  broadly  trapezoidal  and  smooth;  the  outer  division 
is  broader  than  long,  the  edges  being  rounded,  so  that  it  is  almost  broadly  ovate  (trans- 
versely) and  smooth,  covered  with  long  hairs.  It  is  pale  membranous,  of  a  testaceous 
hue.  Mandibles  black,  very  thick  and  stout,  with  obtuse,  rounded  edges;  they  are 
almost  as  long  as  the  base  is  broad.  Maxillae  membranous,  flattened;  maxillary  palpi 
2-jointed.  Labium  membranous,  with  a  transverse  chitinous  band  near  the  insertion 
of  the  2-jointed  palpi;  both  joints  short;  second  one-half  as  thick  as  the  first;  edge  hairy, 
the  hairs  reaching  to  the  ends  of  the  palpi.  Length  of  body  0.50  inch;  breadth  of 
prothoracic  segment,  4.2  mm.;  breadth  of  head,  3.2  mm. 

There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  length  of  the  full-grown  larva, 
the  range  being  from  J  to  if  inches.  The  larva  also  shortens  con- 
siderably just  before  changing  to  the  pupa.  In  all  the  larvae  examined 
by  the  writer,  the  maxillary  palpi  were  three- join  ted,  instead  of  two- 
jointed  as  described  by  Packard  (1881). 


i88  BULLETIN  407 

The  pupa 

The  pupa  is  a  typical,  naked,  coleopterous,  Cerambycid  pupa,  brownish 
in  color,  and  measuring  from  9  to  22  millimeters  in  length.  The  femur 
and  tibia  of  each  leg  are  folded  against  each  other,  and  lie  transversely 
on  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body  with  the  tarsi  projecting  backward, 
along  the  center.  The  wing  pads  are  folded  backward,  passing  under  the 
prothoracic  and  mesothoracic  legs,  with  the  tips  covering  the  inner  parts 
of  the  mesothoracic  legs  on  the  ventral  side.  The  antennae  project  for- 
ward dorsad  to  the  first  two  pairs  of  legs  and  then  curl  inward  and  are 
held  close  against  the  body.  There  are  numerous  pointed  granulations 
on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  prothorax,  and  similar  sharp  spines  on  the 
abdominal  segments.  On  the  penultimate  segment,  these  spines  are 
somewhat  larger,  and  are  recurved  anteriorly  at  the  tip.  There  are  seven 
in  a  row  near  the  posterior  margin,  two  others  more  anteriorly  situated, 
and  three  more  in  front  of  these.  The  last  segment  has  four  similar 
projections  in  a  row. 

LIFE  HISTORY  AND  HABITS 

The  adult 
Appearance  of  the  adults 

The  cold  and  rainy  spring  of  1917  without  doubt  considerably  retarded 
the  emergence  of  the  adults,  for  the  material  kept  in  the  insectary  and  the 
records  of  the  insects  emerging  from  hickory  used  for  firewood  during  the 
winter  show  that  warmth  has  a  considerable  influence  on  the  time  of 
emergence.  Observations  were  made  on  material  kept  at  the  insectary, 
where  normal  conditions  were  simulated  as  much  as  possible,  and  on  a 
pile  of  hickory  trunks  and  branches  in  the  field  which  had  been  infested 
the  preceding  spring.  The  first  adults  emerged  June  6,  in  the  insectary, 
when  three  males  were  observed.  The  writer's  records  show  that  at 
State  College,  Pennsylvania,  in  1915,  the  first  adults  were  observed  on 
May  12.  As  the  weather  became  warmer,  the  number  emerging  gradually 
increased  until  June  27.  From  then  until  July  5,  the  number  of  adults 
appearing  gradually  decreased,  no  more  being  found  after  that  date.  In 
the  field,  the  males  were  the  first  to  appear,  several  days  elapsing  between 
their  first  aooearance  and  that  of  the  females. 

General  activities 

The  hickory  borer  is  a  sun-loving  insect.  On  bright,  sunny  days  during 
May  and  June  they  may  be  found  on  the  trunks  and  branches  of  recently 
killed  trees  or  on  felled  timber,  running  rapidly  back  and  forth.  Rarely 
are  they  found  on  such  material  when  it  is  well  shaded.  When  disturbed, 
they  either  drop  suddenly  to  the  ground  and  hide  among  the  herbage, 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER  189 

or  else  fly  swiftly  away,  for  their  powers  of  flight  are  well  developed.  On 
bright,  warm  days  they  work  from  about  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  until 
about  half  past  five  in  the  afternoon,  with  a  maximum  activity  between 
three  and  four  o'clock.  At  night,  and  during  cool,  cloudy,  or  rainy  days, 
they  hide  under  flakes  of  the  bark,  and  are  quite  inactive.  At  such  times 
the  pieces  of  bark  covering  them  can  be  removed  without  causing  the 
beetles  either  to  take  flight  or  to  drop  to  the  ground,  tho  they  sometimes 
run  about  slowly  until  they  again  find  shelter  under  some  other  piece 
of  bark. 

During  the  period  of  activity  the  males  are  always  more  numerous 
than  the  females.  The  males  also  appear  earlier  in  the  day  than  the  females 
and  are  much  more  active  than  the  females,  coursing  up  and  down  the 
trunks  and  branches,  chasing  away  ants  or  other  insects  which  may  alight, 
and  frequently  fighting  with  each  other.  The  females,  on  the  other  hand, 
move  about  rather  slowly,  possibly  due  to  their  shorter  legs  and  greater 
bulk.  At  intervals  they  stop  to  examine  places  on  the  bark  or  to  try 
crevices  with  their  ovipositors.  Both  sexes,  when  handled,  make  the 
characteristic  squeaking  sound  so  common  to  beetles  of  this  family. 

Feeding  habits 

Like  many  of  the  Cerambycids,  the  adults  of  this  species  are  pollen 
feeders.  For  some  time  the  writer  was  puzzled  as  to  what  the  food  plants 
of  the  beetles  could  be,  for  while  males  and  females,  confined  in  cages, 
copulated  freely,  yet  oviposition  did  not  occur,  and  both  sexes  died  in 
three  or  four  days  when  no  food  was  supplied.  Finally,  the  alimentary 
canal  of  a  female,  taken  while  ovipositing  in  the  field,  was  dissected  and 
was  found  full  of  pollen.  An  examination  of  all  the  flowers  in  bloom  at 
that  time  was  then  made,  with  the  result  that  the  beetles  were  found 
actively  feeding  on  the  pollen  of  the  flowers  of  hawthorn  (Crataegus  sp.). 
From  then  on,  no  difficulty  was  experienced  in  breeding  the  insects  in 
captivity.  With  a  supply  of  these  blossoms  in  the  cages,  copulation  took 
place  and  eggs  were  deposited  as  usual.  This  would  seem  to  indicate 
that  food  is  necessary  before  oviposition  takes  place.  This  also  agrees  with 
the  observations  of  Garman  (1916)  on  Cyllene  robiniae,  a  closely  related 
species.  In  feeding  on  the  pollen,  these  beetles  clamber  over  the  flowers, 
and  at  a  distance  are  often  mistaken  for  wasps  which  are  also  common 
on  flowers  at  that  time,  and  which  they  much  resemble  in  coloration. 
After  feeding,  they  usually  clean  off  their  antennae  and  tarsi  by  drawing 
them  thru  the  mouth  parts.  While  Crataegus  was  the  only  flower  on 
which  the  writer  found  the  beetles  feeding,  yet  Mr.  V..R.  Haber,  of  Ithaca, 
New  York,  mentioned  having  found  them  feeding  on  the  pollen  of  alder 
catkins  in  Ohio. 


i QO  BULLETIN  407 

Mating  habits 

Mating  occurs  shortly  after  emergence,  as  adults  which  emerged  June 
6  were  found  copulating  the  following  day.  The  males  are  very  aggressive 
in  seeking  the  females,  often  fighting  vigorously  among  themselves  for 
possession  of  the  female,  biting  each  other  about  the  head  and  appendages. 
On  June  13,  a  small-sized  male  attempting  to  copulate  with  a  female, 
and  being  roughly  pushed  aside  by  a  larger  male,  seized  his  larger  opponent 
by  the  hind  leg  and  held  on  for  several  seconds  until  vicious  bites  on  the 
head  and  legs  caused  the  smaller  male  to  loosen  his  hold.  In  mating, 
the  front  legs  of  the  male  are  clasped  around  the  female's  abdomen,  the 
middle  and  hind  legs  trailing  on  the  ground.  In  this  position,  the  female 
drags  him  about  with  her  over  the  trunks  and  branches,  stopping  only 
during  the  act  of  copulation.  Copulation  occurs  frequently  and  lasts 
but  a  few  seconds.  On  June  13,  mating  occurred  eight  times  in  fifteen 
minutes.  When  copulation  is  completed,  the  penis  and  ovipositor  pull 
away  with  considerable  difficulty,  both  being  considerably  extended  from 
the  abdomen  in  the  process.  Several  males  may  mate  with  a  single 
female. 

Opposition 

Oviposition  takes  place  very  soon  after  copulation,  as  females  which 
were  observed  mating  on  June  13  deposited  eggs  the  following  day.  The 
eggs  are  always  placed  in  crevices  or  under  scales  of  the  bark.  Smooth 
branches  are  rejected  unless  there  are  rough  spots  or  crevices  present 
where  eggs  may  be  laid.  To  facilitate  observations,  the  writer  obtained 
branches  with  very  smooth  bark,  and  cut  slits  in  them  at  various  intervals 
which  provided  favorable  places  for  the  deposition  of  eggs.  These  were 
placed  in  cages  which  each  contained  a  single  fertilized  female,  and  obser- 
vations were  made.  Before  ovipositing,  the  female  walked  around, 
exploring  the  slits  with  antennae  and  ovipositor.  Having  found  an 
apparently  suitable  place,  the  female  inserted  her  ovipositor  into  it,  moving 
it  about  in  a  manner  suggesting  the  movements  of  a  house-fly's  mouth 
parts  in  exploring  a  bit  of  food.  If  the  crevice  was  unsuitable  for  depositing 
an  egg,  the  ovipositor  was  withdrawn  and  another  crevice  explored.  This 
process  was  continued  until  a  suitable  place  was  found  and  then  the  eggs 
were  deposited. 

The  number  of  eggs  laid  in  a  single  crevice  varies.  In  the  insectary, 
where  artificial  scars  were  made  in  very  smooth  bark,  the  number  of 
eggs  placed  in  a  single  crevice  varied  from  one  to  fourteen.  Under  normal 
conditions,  in  the  field,  the  greatest  number  of  eggs  found  in  a  single 
crevice  was  five. 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER  191 

Observations  were  made  at  the  insectary  on  the  total  number  of  eggs 
laid  by  a  single  female.  Of  the  twelve  specimens  observed,  the  maximum 
number  of  eggs  deposited  by  a  single  female  was  fifty-six,  the  minimum 
being  thirty-eight.  While  large  cages  were  used  and  conditions  as  natural 
as  possible  were  provided,  yet  dissection  of  the  abdomens  of  these  females 
at  death  showed  that  not  all  the  eggs  had  been  deposited,  quite  a  few 
remaining  in  the  ovaries  in  different  stages  of  development.  Whether 
the  entire  number  of  eggs  is  deposited  under  natural  conditions  in  the 
field  was  not  determined.  Most  of  the  eggs  are  deposited  on  the  first 
day.  For  example,  the  female  which  deposited  a  total  of  fifty-six  eggs 
laid  forty-six  the  first  day,  eight  the  next,  and  two  on  the  third  day. 

After  copulation,  the  males  become  inactive  and  die  in  about  a  week's 
time.  The  females,  as  a  rule,  die  within  three  to  five  days  after  oviposition. 

The  egg 
Time  of  hatching 

The  eggs  hatch  in  from  six  to  ten  days.  Observations  were  made  on 
a  batch  of  one  hundred  and  fourteen  eggs  deposited  by  three  females  on 
separate  branches,  on  June  19.  These  were  collected  and  placed  where 
conditions  would  be  as  natural  as  possible.  The  results  of  the  experiment 
appear  in  table  2. 

TABLE  2.    THE  TIME  OF  HATCHING  OF  114  EGGS,  DEPOSITED  ON  JUNE  19 


Date  of  hatching 

Number 
of  eggs 
hatched 

Tune  2S 

18 

J    26..:::  ..  •  ::  

24. 

27 

•i-i 

28 

oo 

•7Q 

2O 

From  the  above  data  it  will  be  seen  that  the  first  eggs  hatched  six  days 
after  they  were  laid,  while  the  last  to  hatch  required  ten  days.  The 
majority  of  them,  however,  hatched  eight  days  after  they  were  laid. 
Observations  made  on  a  batch  of  eggs  kept  in  the  laboratory,  where  con- 
ditions were  more  dry  and  warm,  showed  that  the  eggs  hatch  in  from 
five  to  seven  days. 

A  few  days  before  hatching,  the  fully  formed  larvae  may  be  seen  thru 
the  chorion,  actively  twisting  about.  Just  prior  to  hatching,  the  egg 
enlarges  slightly  at  the  anterior  end,  due  to  the  size  of  the  larval  prothorax. 
The  chorion  is  undoubtedly  broken  by  the  muscular  contractions  of  the 


192  BULLETIN  407 

larva,  for  suddenly  it  bursts  at  the  anterior  end,  and  as  the  larval  head 
is  pushed  thru,  the  opening  is  gradually  enlarged  until  a  slit  extends  more 
then  one-half  the  length  of  the  egg.  No  egg  burster  of  any  kind  was 
found  on  the  larva. 

The  larva 

Activities  of  the  newly  hatched  larva 

The  newly  hatched  larva  has  the  appearance  of  most  Cerambycid 
larvae.  It  measures  1.8  millimeter  in  length,  while  the  prothorax,  which 
is  the  broadest  part  of  the  larva,  measures  .9  millimeters  in  width.  The 
mouth  parts  are  black,  while  the  head,  behind  the  mouth  parts,  is  brownish 
in  color.  The  different  segments  are  sparsely  covered  with  delicate, 
long  hair. 

Immediately  after  hatching,  the  tiny  larvae  migrate  in  under  the  scales 
of  the  bark,  where  the  eggs  have  been  deposited,  as  far  as  the  size  of  the 
prothorax  will  allow,  and  then,  using  the  scale  of  bark  as  a  brace,  begin 
to  burrow  in  towards  the  wood.  It  takes  about  twelve  hours  to  burrow 
deep  enough  so  that  they  are  completely  concealed  and  during  this  time 
fine,  powdery  sawdust  is  pushed  out  behind  them.  Under  natural 
conditions,  where  the  eggs  are  laid  in  clusters  of  only  four  or  five,  there 
is  but  little  mortality  among  the  young  larvae,  each  individual  being 
able  to  establish  a  burrow  by  itself.  But  when  a  large  number  of  eggs  are 
laid  in  a  single  crevice,  as  was  done  by  the  specimens  kept  at  the  insectary, 
there  is  not  room  enough  for  all  of  them  to  get  started.  Accordingly, 
two  or  more  penetrating  into  a  single  burrow,  one  is  punctured  by  the 
mouth-parts  of  the  other  and  is  killed.  Out  of  fifty-two  larvae  hatching 
in  a  single  piece  of  hickory,  only  twelve  were  able  to  survive  and  establish 
burrows.  Moreover,  when  the  bark  is  smooth  and  no  crevices  or  scales 
are  present  to  serve  as  braces  for  them  in  beginning  their  burrows,  they 
are  unable  to  penetrate  the  bark  and  soon  die.  In  like  manner,  the  larvae 
are  unable  to  burrow  into  material  from  which  the  bark  has  been 
removed. 

Larval  burrows 

Having  penetrated  the  bark,  the  young  larvae  drive  their  long,  linear 
burrows  with  the  grain  of  the  wood,  grooving  the  inner  bark  as  well  as 
the  sapwood.  Each  burrow  usually  begins  as  a  small  gallery  -^  inch 
wide  and  of  about  the  same  depth.  Gradually  increasing  in  width  and 
depth,  it  may  extend  for  a  distance  of  from  8  to  12  inches  or  even  more, 
after  which  it  usually  bends  on  itself  to  form  a  long,  narrow,  irregular  U, 
whose  arms  may  be  either  in  contact  with  each  other  or  slightly  separated ; 
on  the  other  hand,  the  gallery  may  consist  of  several  loops  which  are  either 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER  193 

distinct  or  else  cross  each  other  in  places.  Prom  beginning  to  end,  however, 
all  the  galleries  increase  in  width  and  depth,  until,  just  before  the  pupal 
cell  is  formed,  they  measure  from  J  to  J  inch  wide  and  J  inch  in  depth. 
In  small  branches,  in  which  a  large  number  of  larvae  are  at  work,  the 
sapwood  may  be  entirely  honeycombed  to  a  depth  of  an  inch  or  more, 
the  different  burrows  being  indistinguishable  from  each  other.  The 
nature  of  the  wood  seems  also  to  have  a  decided  influence  on  their  shape, 
those  in  wood  free  from  knots  being  more  or  less  regular  and  linear,  while 
those  in  knotty  material  may  be  very  irregular.  On  felled  material,  the 
galleries  may  extend  in  either  direction  with  the  grain  of  the  wood,  but 
in  standing  timber  the  majority  of  them  first  extend  downward. 

The  burrows  are  firmly  packed  with  the  coarse,  sawdust-like  borings 
chewed  off  by  the  larvae,  whose  gnawings  can  be  heard  for  a  considerable 
distance  and  resemble  the  noise  made  by  the  so-called  "  sawyers  "  in  pine. 
The  writer  was  unable  to  determine  whether  all  of  the  gnawed  material 
passed  thru  the  body  of  the  larvae.  That  dissections  showed  the  alimen- 
tary canal  full  of  sawdust-like  particles,  and  that  the  material  filling  the 
burrows  was  so  tightly  packed  and  stuck  together  that  it  took  considerable 
work  to  dislodge  it,  are  facts  tending  to  confirm  this  view.  Furthermore, 
it  is  not  easy  to  see  how  the  larvae  could  store  the  loose  sawdust  so 
compactly,  were  it  not  previously  moistened  by  passage  thru  the  alimen- 
tary canal.  Here  and  there  along  the  course  of  the  burrows,  air  holes 
are  eaten  thru  the  bark  to  the  exterior,  the  number  of  these  for  a  single 
burrow  varying  from  one  to  four. 

The  pupal  cell 

The  larva  becomes  full  grown  in  from  ten  to  twelve  weeks.  At  the 
end  of  that  time  it  gnaws  a  large,  oval-shaped  hole  thru  the  bark  to  the 
exterior,  and  begins  the  construction  of  the  pupal  cell.  This  extends 
into  the  solid  wood  to  a  depth  of  from  i  to  2\  inches,  and  then  parallel 
with  the  grain  of  the  wood  for  about  2  inches.  In  making  the  pupal 
cell,  the  larva  apparently  does  not  eat  the  sawdust,  for  as  soon  as  an 
appreciable  amount  is  chewed  off,  the  larva,  using  its  head  as  a  scraper, 
pushes  it  to  the  exterior  thru  the  hole  previously  made  in  the  bark.  After 
pushing  out  one  load,  the  larva  backs  down  into  the  burrow  again  and  soon 
reappears  with  another  supply.  This  process  is  continued  until  the  entire 
pupal  cell  is  completed.  Evidence  of  the  borer's  attack  on  timber  is 
therefore  seen  at  this  time  in  the  large,  oval  holes  in  the  bark  and  in 
the  great  amount  of  sawdust  pushed  out,  which  accumulates  in  small 
heaps  beneath  infested  material.  The  making  of  large  holes  thru  the  bark 
before  pupating  seems  rather  unusual,  as  many  of  the  Cerambycid  larvae 


ip4  BULLETIN  407 

do  not  make  them.  These  were  evidently  the  holes  to  which  Hopkins 
(1897)  referred  when  he  stated  that  the  numerous  holes  in  the  bark  indi- 
cated that  the  adults  had  emerged,  altho  nothing  but  fully  matured 
pupae  were  found  in  the  wood. 

When  the  pupal  cell  is  hollowed  out,  the  larva,  by  means  of  its  mandibles, 
splits  off  some  splinters  very  much  resembling  short  pieces  of  excelsior, 
\  to  |  inch  long,  from  the  sides  of  the  burrow.  With  these  it  closes  up 
the  pupal  cell  a  short  distance  below  the  point  where  it  begins  to  run 
parallel  to  the  grain  of  the  wood.  After  these  splinters  have  been  packed 
firmly  in  place,  so  as  to  form  a  compact  plug,  they  are  reinforced  on  the 
inside  with  a  plug  of  sawdust. 

In  fallen  timber,  the  pupal  cells  may  extend  in  either  direction,  but 
in  standing  timber  all  those  examined  by  the  writer  extended  downward. 

The  prepupal  stage 

When  the  pupal  cell  is  completed,  the  larva  ceases  activity  and  passes 
into  the  prepupal  stage,  during  which  it  is  found  at  the  further  end  of  the 
cell,  always  facing  the  plug  of  splinters  and  sawdust.  However,  if  the 
plug  is  damaged  or  destroyed,  more  sawdust  will  be  gnawed  to  repair 
the  damage.  During  this  stage  both  the  length  and  bulk  of  the  larva 
slightly  decreases.  The  duration  of  the  prepupal  stage  varies  with  the 
temperature  and  humidity.  In  the  laboratory,  where  it  was  warm  and 
dry,  this  period  lasted,  on  an  average  of  fifteen  days,  while  in  the  insectary, 
under  normal  conditions,  it  was  much  longer,  lasting  from  twenty-three 
to  sixty-three  days.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  prepupal  stage,  the 
color  of  the  larva  varies  from  a  yellowish  white  to  a  brownish  color,  and 
the  antennae  and  various  other  appendages  become  faintly  discernible 
thru  the  transparent  cuticula. 

The  pupa 
Pupation 

In  the  laboratory,  pupation  began  as  early  as  August  23,  while  in  the 
field  the  first  pupae  were  found  on  September  n.  Pupation  continues 
from  this  time  until  November  12,  by  which  time  all  the  larvae  have 
changed  to  pupae,  the  majority  of  them  transforming  during  the  month 
of  October.  The  last  larval  skin  may  remain  attached  to  the  end  of  the 
pupa,  or  else  lie  free  in  the  pupal  cell. 

Activities  of  the  pupa 

Thruout  this  stage  the  pupa  remains  at  the  further  end  of  the  pupal 
cell,  facing  the  plug  of  splinters  and  sawdust.  It  remains  quiescent 
unless  disturbed,  at  which  time  the  abdomen  is  moved  back  and  forth. 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER  195 

If  placed  at  the  plugged  end  of  the  cell,  it  quickly  moves  itself  back  to 
the  opposite  end  by  means  of  the  spines  on  the  thorax  and  abdomen. 

Transformation  to  adults 

In  the  laboratory  the  pupa  began  to  show  the  characteristic  markings 
of  the  adult  by  the  middle  of  October.  However,  they  did  not  transform 
to  adults  until  the  following  February.  In  the  field,  the  winter  is  passed 
in  the  pupal  stage.  All  of  the  pupae  under  observation  at  the  insectary 
were  killed  by  the  extremely  cold  weather  during  the  winter  of  1917, 
so  that  records  on  the  transformation  to  the  adult  stage  were  not  obtained. 
Likewise  it  was  found  that  pupae  in  infested  material  in  the  field  had 
also  been  killed  by  the  unusually  cold  winter  of  that  year.  This  agrees 
with  the  observations  of  Craighead  (1918)  and  other  workers  on  forest 
insects,  who  also  reported  a  great  mortality  among  wood-boring  insects, 
due  to  the  severe  cold. 

However,  pupae  obtained  from  infested  material,  late  in  the  winter 
of  1919,  transformed  to  adults  during  that  spring  and  emerged.  The  exact 
time  of  transformation  from  pupae  to  adults  was  not  determined. 

SEASONAL  HISTORY 

The  adult  insects  emerge  during  May  and  June,  and  sometimes,  during 
the  first  few  days  of  July,  depending  on  the  season.  They  feed  on  the 
pollen  of  Crataegus  and  probably  on  that  of  other  flowers.  The  elongate- 
oval,  whitish  eggs  are  deposited  in  crevices  or  under  flakes  of  the  bark. 
These  hatch  in  from  six  to  ten  days,  and  the  young  larvae,  burrowing 
thru  the  bark,  then  construct  an  irregular,  U-shaped  burrow,  which  grooves 
both  the  bark  and  the  solid  wood,  and  is  tightly  packed  with  the  sawdust- 
like  borings.  The  larvae  become  mature  in  from  ten  to  twelve  weeks, 
at  the  end  of  which  time  they  construct  the  pupal  cell,  first  opening  a 
hole  to  the  exterior  thru  which  the  borings  are  to  be  expelled.  When 
the  pupal  cell  is  hollowed  out,  the  larva  retreats  into  it,  plugs  up  the 
entrance  with  splinters  and  sawdust,  and  enters  into  a  prepupal  stage 
lasting  from  twenty-five  to  sixty-three  days.  The  transformation  to 
pupae  begins  about  the  middle  of  September,  and  by  November  12,  all 
are  in  the  pupal  stage.  In  Ithaca,  the  winter  is  therefore  spent  as  pupae. 
The  transformation  to  the  adult  beetles  takes  place  in  the  spring. 

NATURAL   ENEMIES 

The  hickory  borer  has  very  few  natural  enemies.  Riley  (1874) 
mentioned  finding  the  larva  of  an  Elaterid  (Hemirhipus  fascicularis 
Fabricius)  following  the  burrows  of  the  hickory  borer  in  hickory  and 


196  BULLETIN  407 

pecan  trees  probably  with  the  purpose  of  feeding  on  the  larva  of  the  borer. 
Packard  (1881)  figured  a  Nitidulid  larva  which  he  stated  probably  preyed 
on  this  and  other  hickory  insects.  Chittenden  (1893)  reared  Bracon 
erythrogaster  Brulle  and  Doryctes  radiatus  Cr.  from  hickory  wood  infested 
almost  exclusively  with  the  hickory  borer.  The  writer  has  found  Bracon 
erythrogaster  Brulle  in  considerable  numbers  ovipositing  in  the  galleries 
of  this  insect.  Infested  material  has  also  yielded  quite  a  few  adults  of 
B.  erythrogaster.  This  parasite  seems  to  be  quite  effective  in  checking 
the  borer,  as  a  large  number  of  specimens  split  out  of  wood  had  been 
killed  by  these  parasites.  The  borers  are  killed  during  the  larval  stage, 
and  when  parasitized,  turn  blackish  in  color  and  are  much  wrinkled 
and  flattened,  due  to  the  fact  that  their  contents  have  been  eaten  out 
by  the  parasite. 

Very  often  that  part  of  the  pupal  cell  outside  'of  the  plug  of  splinters 
and  sawdust,  is  utilized  by  a  small  Eumenid  wasp  which  there  constructs 
its  nest  of  clay  and  rears  its  brood.  These  clay  nests  block  the  entrance 
effectively  and  doubtless  prevent  parasites  from  gaining  access  to  the 
pupal  cells  during  this  vulnerable  stage  of  the  insect's  life. 

RECOMMENDATIONS   FOR    CONTROL   AND   THE    PREVENTION   OF   INJURY 

Since  the  hickory  borer  attacks  only  recently  dead  and  felled  material, 
all  attempts  should  be  centered  on  methods  of  preventing  injury  as 
much  as  possible.  As  previously  stated,  this  insect  is  a  sun-loving  species, 
rarely  being  found  in  well  shaded  places.  To  test  this  out,  the  writer 
piled  branches  of  hickory  in  the  woods  where  there  was  abundant  shade, 
and  in  relatively  close  proximity  to  infested  material  from  which  the 
adults  were  emerging.  None  of  this  material  was  attacked  by  the  hickory 
borer,  and  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  other  species  caused  much  damage 
to  the  wood  in  such  a  location,  the  piling  of  hickory  in  shady  places  would 
be  an  effective  means  of  preventing  injury. 

Standing  dead  timber  should  be  felled  as  soon  as  possible,  preferably 
within  a  few  weeks  or  months  after  it  has  died.  Such  timber  should  be 
utilized  at  once,  or,  if  this  is  not  possible,  the  logs  should  be  barked  or 
else .  put  in  water.  Where  either  of  these  methods  are  employed  injury 
will  be  prevented,  for  the  larvae  cannot  breed  in  the  barked  logs,  and 
water  will  kill  whatever  stages  of  the  insect  may  be  present,  or  will 
equally  well  prevent  oviposition. 

Unbarked  logs,  posts,  poles,  and  such  material  should  never  be  left 
lying  in  the  woods  during  the  danger  season,  which  extends  from  May  i 
to  August  i .  They  should  either  be  utilized  at  once,  or  barked,  or  placed 
in  water. 


THE  PAINTED  HICKORY  BORER  197 

Infested  material  which  cannot  be  used  by  the  manufacturers  should 
be  utilized  as  soon  as  possible  for  firewood,  preferably  before  the  insects 
have  had  time  to  emerge.  In  this  way  large  numbers  of  them  may  be 
destroyed. 

All  material  which  cannot  be  used,  such  as  slashings,  should  be  burned 
as  soon  as  possible,  for  it  is  in  such  places  that  the  insect  finds  excellent 
breeding  places.  When  such  useless  mater  al  has  been  left  in  the  woods 
until  it  has  become  infested,  it  should  be  burned  before  the  beetles  have 
had  an  opportunity  to  emerge  the  following  spring. 

The  destruction  of  Crataegus  in  the  vicinity  of  large  tracts  of  hickory 
would  also  be  beneficial,  in  that  it  would  destroy  the  food  supply  of  the 
adult  beetles  at  the  time  of  emergence.  The  elimination  of  such  trees 
would  be  beneficial  in  any  case,  as  they  are  the  native  hosts  of  many 
of  our  most  injurious  insect  pests. 


198  BULLETIN  407 


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Photomount 
Pamphlet 

Binder 
Gay  lord  Bros. 

Makers 
Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

'AT.  JAN  21,  1908 


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